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  National Security National security is protection of citizens and nation with its tangible and intangible assets with the help of security agencies and guardian mechanism.  Elements of National Security Military Elements Border Coastal Internal security Non Military Elements Ethnic Environment Energy Economic Cyber Health Information Resources Political Geostrategic Food Internal Security of India Internal security implies maintenance of peace, law and order, upholding sovereignty and integrity of India.  Arthshastra(Kautilya) mentioned 4 kinds of threat to a nation Internal External Internally aided external Externally aided internal Components of internal security Citizens protection Social harmony Domestic peace Law & order Sovereignty and integrity of India Reasons for internal security issues Historical factors Poverty Unemployment Ethnic tension Unfriendly neighbors Partisan politics Increasing communal divide Caste awareness and inter-caste tension Politics based on sectar

  Model Code of Conduct(MCC)  MCC are guidelines released by Election Commission of India(ECI) to regulate the conduct of political parties and candidates during the time of election to ensure the fairness of election.  MCC has no statutory backing and this resulted in vague implementation of MCC.  Why need statutory backing?  Cases of violations ECI lacks power to handle these violations MCC statutory status(Benefits)  Will bring clarity Punishment power to ECI Judicial punishment Protect rule of law Accountability of political party and candidates Drawbacks MP will make legislation for themselves(violation of separation of power)  Create burden on judiciary(pending cases is already large)  Dynamic nature of election demands flexibility in MCC Establishing ECI as quasi judicial body can reduce the litigations and statutory nature of MCC will empower ECI to conduct fair election. 

  Judicial Activism, Judicial Overreach and Judicial Restraint Judicial Activism Judicial activism signifies the proactive role of the Judiciary by broadly interpreting the law for protection of citizen's rights. 

  Citizenship in India Part 2(Art 5- Art 11) of Indian Constitution deals with citizenship. And according to it different constitutional rights and non constitutional rights are available to citizens and aliens.  Constitutional rights available to only citizens- Article 15 Article 16 Article 19 Article 29  Article 30 Along with rights there are some duties are alos assigned to citizens like respecting national flag and national anthem.  Jus Soli - by soil(born in that soil)  Jus Sanguinis- by blood relationship The Constitution of India grants citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution and left the future citizenship granting rights to parliament.  Article realted to citizenship(at the commencement of Constitution)  Article 5- citizenship to domicile of India if he was Born in India Either of the parents born in India Resident of India for immediate 5 years before the commencement of Constitution Article 6-  citizenship to person migrated to India from Pakistan based on Eith

  Election in India Part 15(Art 324-Art 329A) of Indian Constitution deals with election in India.  Art 324- Election Commission shall consist of the CEC and such number of other election commissioners(+Regional Commissioner), if any, as the President may from time to time fix. And service and tennure of election commissioners(+Regional Commissioner) will be determined by the president. ECI will direct and control the elections of Parliament, state legislature, President and Vice President.  1950 to 1989- 1 Chief Election Commissioner 1989-  1 Chief Election Commissioner + 2 Election Commissioner(61st amendment Act 1988- which lowered the voting age from 21 years to 18 years). But in 1990 it was again made a single member body 1993~  1 Chief Election Commissioner + 2 Election Commissioner Art 324(2)-  Appointment of the CEC and other Election Commissioners shall be made by the President, subject to the provisions of any law made on that behalf by Parliament Art 326-  Universal adult

  Philosophy Philosophy is systematic study of different aspects of life including Knowledge, values, believes, nature, existence etc.  Origin- Greek word Philos(love) + Sophia(Wisdom) → Philosophy(Love for Wisdom)  Major Branches of Philosophy 1.  Epistemology- what is knowledge and how to acquire it.  2. Ethics- moral principles and right conduct.  3. Logic- reasoning and arguments.  4. Metaphysics- what is reality. 

  Right to life(in India- Article 21)  Dignified life Right to clean air/environment Right to food Right to employment Right to privacy Speedy Justice Fair trial Right against exploitation Issues faced by Individuals Physical Health crisis Mental health crisis Unfair treatment/social discrimination Family/Friends relationship issues Workplace Emptiness- dull, unproductiveness Decision making- Failure of life Financial crisis Career pressure Safety and security Issues faced by Children(Climate Change)  Malnutrition because of rising food price Heat stress Children with less immunity are at risk of disease.  Mental health Economic stress of family will put child into labour work.  Economic stress of family will result in girl child marriage.  Loss of Education Exploitation of children that are part of labour work.  Domestic abuse Coping Mental Health Awareness and Training De-Stigmatization Access to Counseling Leadership Involvement Early Intervention Work-Life Balance Wellness Programs

  Policy A policy provides direction and course of action to achieve goals.  It start with problem discovery and end with solution.  Stages of Policy life-cycle Listing Agenda Formulating Policy Making Decisions Its implementation(Social awareness/Advertisement, actual implementation)  Evaluation Policy Paralysis Non-Consultant with all stakeholders Political dictatorship by non-professional Less public involvement result in loss of public trust Quick policy formulation- Inadequate data and information led to inadequate design Implementation inefficiency- Bureaucratic lethargy Lack of Audit policy- social aduit Better Policy   Formulation- involving all stakeholders, Real time data collection, smooth flow of information and cross checking of data Implementation- Accountability, transparency, honesty and integrity. Training program(Clear guidelines) for bureaucrats