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  British Policies in India Administrative Policy The administrative policy of EICo underwent frequent changes with stable objectives of increasing company profitability, increasing profitability to Britain as whole and maintaining the stronghold in India.  Policy of Ring of Fence(1765~)- Introduced by Warren Hestings aimed to create buffer zones to defend the Company's frontiers Subsidiary Alliance(1799~)-  Introduced by  Wellesley  as an extension of Policy of Ring of Fence  Policy of Subordinate Isolation(1813~)-  Indian states were supposed to work in subordinate cooperation with the British government(Supremacy of British Power)  Forward Policy(1836~)-  Policy of Lord Auckland led to 1st Anglo-Afghan war Policy of Subordinate Union(1858-1935)-   Policy of Masterly Inactivity(1864~)-  Policy of John Lawrence after 1st Anglo-Afghan war disaster Policy of Proud Reserve(1876~)-  Policy of Lord Lytton led to 2nd Anglo-Afghan war Policy of Equal Federation(1935~)-    Reason for ri

  Women Personality in Pre Independence Era Rani Velu Nachiyar(1730-1796)-  She was the first Indian queen(Sivaganga estate) to wage war with the East India Company in India. She regained her kingdom after defeating EICo. with the help of Hyder Ali and many mores. In Tamil she is regarded as Veeramangai .  She was a scholar of French, English, and Urdu languages. Savitribai Phule(1831-1897)-  She raised her voice against caste and gender discrimination. In 1848 she started school in Pune for girl education. She died while serving the Plague affected people.  Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati(1858-1922)-  1st woman to be awarded the titles of Pandita as a Sanskrit scholar and Sarasvati after being examined by the faculty of the University of Calcutta. In 1882, she presented the issue of women education to Hunter Commission . She founded Arya Mahila Samaj(Pune, 1882) . In the same year she wrote Stri Dharma Niti(Morals for Women) book and in 1883 she moved to Britain where she embraced Christia

  Important Historical location of India Learning Centres 1. Taxila-  The ancient learning center(Present day in Pakistan) near the bank of Indus river known for teaching high class religious(Brahmanical and Buddhist) and secular study.  Important scholars Panini, Chaanakya and Vasubandhu(Teachers)  Jivaka, Charaka, Chandragupta Maurya(Students)  The center was destroyed by Toramana(Hunas ruler) in 5th century AD.  2. Nalanda-  Renowned centre of learning established by Gupta ruler Kumargupt in 5th century AD at Nalanda district of Bihar region. It was great learning center of Buddhism, Veda and science with residential facility operated till 13th century.  In 13th century the center was destroyed by Bhaktiyar Khilji.  3. Valabhi-  Valabhi was the capital of the Maitraka empire during 5th-8th century AD.  It emerged as an important learning center of Buddhism from 600-1200 AD specialised in Hinayan Buddhism teaching and for some time considered as rival of Nalanda university. Pali lang

  Partition of India 1947 Feb-  British PM Clemente Attlee clarified his stance that Princely states in India would have power to decide their faith during transfer of power from British Government to new government of India.  3 June Plan(Mountbatten Plan)-  Introduced by Mountbatten with provision of partition of British India into two dominion States and princely states were free to join India or Pakistan(or can remain independent).  Provision for referendum in NWFP(North West Frontier Province) and  Sylhet district (Assam).  Provision for boundary commission to demarcate the boundary of two nations The plan was accepted by Indian National Congress and Muslim League. But the plan was rejected by Khudai Khidmatgar(Abdul Ghaffar Khan- Frontier Gandhi)  6 July- referendum started in NWFP and Sylhet. The result was in favor of joining Pakistan. And both NWFP and Sylhet(Bangladesh) became part of then Pakistan except Karimganj(Part of Sylhet) which became part of India.  Radcliffe who h

  Lecture 6 Mahajanapads Rise of Mahajanapadas  From 600 BC onwards, people started living a more settled life. Their attitude changed. They become loyal to Janapada(territory) instead of jana(tribe). And this resulted in the rise of mahajanapada.  The mahajanapada period was dominated by northern balck polished ware- NBPW Pottery. Reason for more settled life: Agriculture surplus because of use of iron in agriculture and better agriculture techniques like Shali(Rice transplantation term in pali, prakrit and sanskrit). Agriculture work was mainly done by slaves and Kammakara(pali term for landless labour). And the land was measured in Karisa, Nivartan and Kulyavapa units. Enough agricultural produce paves the way for other merchant activities. This resulted in merchant guild/Shreni(sanskrit term for guild) and Ayatana. High economic activity led to a good taxation system and this resulted in the rise of Mahajanapadas.   Rise of Mahajanapadas  Shreni/Guild Shreni was headed by pammuka/p

  Lecture 5 Buddhism Buddha Life Events Born- 563 BC, Lumbini(Nepal- while is mother was in journey), Name- Siddhartha Died-(Mahaparinirvan) 483 BC, Kushinagar(Malla mahajanapada) Father- Shuddhodhan(Leader of Shakya Kul, King of Kapilvastu) Mother- Mahamaya(Princess from Koshalan dynasty), Foster mother(Dai maa)- Gautami Wife- Yashodhara Son -Rahul Left house at the age of 29 to become ascetic(Mahabhinishkramana/The great departure). Enlightenment(Nirvana) at the age of 35 at bodhgaya under a pipal tree(on the bank of niranjana river). First sermon at sarnath(Dharma chakra pravartan). Lumbini was built by Anjana(King of the koliya clan), for his queen Rupa Devi or Rummindei. In buddhist texts, Lumbini is mentioned as Pradimokhsha-vana(sin free forest).   Buddha Names Sidhartha- Childhood name/Original Name Gautam Buddha- After enlightenment Tathagata- Buddha used this word instead of I or myself(in pali texts) Shakyamuni- Ashokan inscriptions Light of Asia(book, 1879)- Sir Edwin Arn

  Lecture 4 Jainism Society Vedic Age → Mahajanapad Over time division gets created in the society in the form of castes- Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudras. Brahmin and kshatriya were used to enjoy the tax paid by vaishya. And vaishya were not happy with this. Some intellectuals tried to create an egalitarian society and in doing this more than 60 sub religions got established in north india including jainism and buddhism.  And these new religions get full support from vaishya and shudra communities. 24 Tirthankars  Tirthankars → Symbol → Nirvana Place(Died At)   1. Rishabhnath/Adinath → Bull → Ashtapad(Kailasha) 2. Ajitnath → Elephant → Sammed Sikhar(Parasnath hill, Jharkhand) 19. Mallinath → Kalasa → Sammed Sikhar(Parasnath hill, Jharkhand) 19th tirthankar  Mallinath→male(Digambar sect), Malli→ female(Svetambara sect)  22. Neminath → Conch → Mount Girnar 23. Parshvanath → Snake → Sammed Sikhar(Parasnath hill, Jharkhand) 24. Mahavir → Lion → Pava puri(Bihar) Twenty out

  Lecture 3 Vedic Age Vedic Age Introduction   Early phase(1500-1000 BC) Later phase(1000-500 BC) Origin of Aryans William Jones- Europe(similarities in sanskrit, greek, latin, german) Max Muller- Central Asia(Similarities between Rig veda and Zend Avesta) Dr. Sampurnanand- Native to india(sapta sindhu as original home) Bal Gangadhar Tilak(the arctic home in the vedas)- Arctic region(Astronomical calculation) Dayanand saraswati(satyarth prakash)- Tibet (Plant species, Nazi took it seriousuly) Vedic Age Horse and Chariot   5000-4000 BC domestication of horse in the region between black sea and south of ural mountains. 4000 BC- horse domestication + wheel chariot in Anatolia 2300 BC- Spoked wheels in Hissar(Iran) 1900 BC - use of spoked wheels chariot in Hittites kingdom Vedic Age Linguistic Connection   Agada inscription(2200 BC, Iraq)- earliest evidence of indo european language Hittites inscription(1900 BC, Anatolia/Turkey)- eastern branch of indo european speaker came in hittite