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Showing posts with the label Governance in India

Preamble of the Indian Constitution

  Idea The idea of preamble is taken from American Constitution. (1st written Constitution- American Constitution, 1st Constitution with Preamble- American Constitution)  Preamble was Designed by- Beohar Rammanohar Sinha Calligraphed by- Prem Behari Narain Raizada --------------- Preamble------------------- Preamble of the Constitution of India(73 words)  WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE , social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION . --------------- End------------------- SOCIALIST SECULAR, and integrity was

Nuclear Governance

  International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)  International organization under UN for monitoring the global proliferation of nuclear resources and technology. It also serve as forum for scientific and technical cooperation on nuclear technology for peaceful purpose.  Founded- 29 July 1957 Headquarter- Vienna, Austria It monitor following compensation treaty in case of nuclear disaster 1. Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage(1963)- compensation by operator 2. Convention on Supplementary Compensation(CSC) for Nuclear Damage(1997)- additional compensation by public authority(Government)  India ratified both convention. India ratified CSC in 2016 . 1974- Smiling Buddha Nuclear test by India 1975- Nuclear Suppliers Group(NSG) was formed by IAEA to curb the export of nuclear technology and nuclear fuel.  1996-  CTBT was adopted by UNGA, but not in force as it was not ratified by 8 Annex 2 states(China, Israel, US, etc)  India, Pakistan and North Korea haven't signed

Mineral Reserves vs Mineral Resources

Minerals are naturally occurring organic and non-organic(Metallic and non-metallic) substances with definite physical and chemical properties.  Mineral resource- concentration or occurrence of material  Mineral reserve(Subset of resource)- mineable part of Mineral resource.  In India, fossil fuels(mainly oil and natural gas) were governed by Petroleum Act, 1934- import, export, storage, production and refining of Petroleum Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Act, 1948- oil and natural gas mining in India For other minerals in India, minerals were governed by Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957. It defines two categories of minerals. 1. Major minerals(schedule 1)- Rules are made by Central government(Ministry of mines)  2. Minor minerals(Central Government order)- State Governments have complete power for making Rules regarding minor minerals. 

Drone Regulation in India

Unmanned Aircraft System(UAS) also known as drone in layman terms. In India the regulation of Unmanned Aircraft System(UAS) is done on the basis of weight. Upto 500kg- Drone rules Greater than 500 kg- Aircraft rules On the basis of weight, drones were classified in following categories in India. Nano: Less than or equal to 250 grams Micro: From 250 grams to 2kg Small: From 2kg to 25kg Medium: From 25kg to 150kg Large: Greater than 150kg To operate drones in India, every drone needs an Unique Identity Number(UIN). This UIN was acquired by drone manufactures from GoI. So a buyer of a drone no need to worry about it. Digital sky platform - Green, Yellow and Red Zone ( https://digitalsky.dgca.gov.in/home ) Prior permission is required to fly a drone in the yellow zone(area around airport). Drones were not allowed to fly in red zone(airport area) No pilot license required for Nano drone and Micro drone(For personal use) No flight permissions would be required to fly upto 400 feet in g