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Hydrogen Fuel With the rise of Global Warming, concern arises regarding the use of fossil fuels. This led to finding out alternative fuels to run future economy of the world in environment friendly way. Hydrogen Fuel with high energy density is one of the promising candidate.  Different Colours of Hydrogen fuel White Hydrogen-  Naturally occurring hydrogen found in earth crust Gold Hydrogen-  Hydrogen in depleted oil wells and depleted Natural Gas reservoirs Black/Brown Hydrogen-  Hydrogen produced from coal gasification Grey Hydrogen-  Hydrogen produced from natural gas Blue Hydrogen-  Hydrogen produced from natural gas + use of carbon capture and storage technique Green Hydrogen-  Hydrogen produced from electrolysis of water using renewable energy Pink Hydrogen-  Hydrogen produced from electrolysis of water using nuclear energy Yellow Hydrogen-  Hydrogen produced from electrolysis of water using solar energy Turquoise Hydrogen-  Hydrogen produced from methane pyrolysis Global Initiat

  Lecture 13 Space Exploration(Part-2)  Issues with Space Utilization With the rising space launch capabilities around the globe, the space debris are increasing day by day creating a global concerns regarding successful launch of satellites. Also space being a global common, the peaceful use of space will ensure the benefits for humankind.  Kessler Syndrome-  Space scenario in which the number of satellites and orbital debris is so high that collisions occur, each one generating more and more space debris and, in turn, cascading collisions.   Space Treaties To peacefully utilize the space with global cooperation, there are following international treaties-  1. Outer Space Treaty(1967)- It prohibits countries from placing nuclear weapons and weapons of mass destruction in space(including celestial bodies) to ensure peaceful use of Space. India is a member of this treaty.  2. Rescue Agreement(1968)-  Members to the agreement must provide all possible assistance to rescue the personnel

  Lecture 6 Human Health Nutrition Malnutrition- Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in the intake of energy and nutrients. Overnutrition- overweight, obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases (such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and some cancers). Undernutrition- Wasting(low weight for height), stunting(low height for age) and underweight(low weight for age) Micronutrient based malnutrition- which includes micronutrient deficiencies(a lack of important vitamins and minerals) or micronutrient excess. Micronutrients deficiency is also known as Hidden Hunger.  Body mass index(BMI)- Body mass divided by the square of the body height(Kg/m²)  Wasting <18.5 Kg/m² Normal Weight < 25 Kg/m²  Obese > 30 Kg/m² Overweight and obese individuals are at an increased risk for many diseases Food Fortification- Process of adding micronutrients to food to combat micronutrients based malnutrition.  Biofortification- Breeding crops to increase their nutr

  Lecture 15 Defense Sector(Part 2)  Naval Strength of India Landing Platform Dock(LPD)- Also known as amphibious transport dock is a warship that embarks transports and landing elements for expeditionary warfare missions. INS Jalashwa(जलाश्व) is only amphibious transport dock currently in service with the Indian Navy that was bought from USA.  Warship Size Corvette < Frigates < Destroyer < Cruiser < Aircraft carrier Corvettes- Smallest of the warships. The ships smaller than Corvettes are fast attack crafts and patrol ships.  Frigates- Larger than Corvettes but smaller than Destroyers and used to protect other ships.  Frigates class- Shivalik class, Brahmaputra, Godavari and Talwar class(India + Russia)  Project 17A- 7 frigates named INS Nilgiri, INS Himgiri, INS Udaygiri, INS Dunagiri, INS Taragiri, INS Vindhyagiri and INS Mahendragiri by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders(MDL) + Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers(GRSE)  Destroyer- Maneuverable attack warships used t

  Lecture 14 Defense Sector(Part 1)  Multilateral Export Control Regime(MECR)  To restrict the misuse of Defense technology against humanity there are some intercontinental convention and export control regime.  A multilateral export control regime(MECR) is an informal group of like-minded supplier countries that seek to contribute to the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, delivery systems and advanced conventional weapons through national implementation of guidelines and control lists for exports. 4 International Export Control Regimes- Wassenaar Arrangement(WA)- Control of conventional arms and dual use goods and technologies Australia Group(AG)- Control of chemical and biological technology that could be weaponized Missile Technology Control Regime(MTCR)- Control of rockets and other aerial system capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction(technology capable of carrying greater than 500 kg payload for more than 300 km).  Nuclear Suppliers Group(NSG)- Contro

  Lecture 12 Space Exploration(Part-1)  Space and Earth Orbits Karman line- Boundary separating Earth's atmosphere and outer space. It lies above 100 Km of mean sea level.  Orbit- Curved trajectory of an object around a star or planet.  Earth orbits Low Earth orbit (LEO)- Altitudes up to 2,000 km Medium Earth orbit(MEO)- Altitude from 2,000 km to below geosynchronous orbit  Geosynchronous orbit(GSO)- Orbit with an orbital period of Earth's rotation i.e. 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds(one sidereal day).  Geostationary orbit(GEO)- A circular geosynchronous orbit in the plane of the Earth's equator with an altitude of approximately 36000 km. The object placed in geostationary orbit maintains the same position relative to the Earth's surface. Geostationary Transfer orbit(GTO)- Transfer orbits are a special kind of transit orbit used to send object from one orbit to another.  High Earth orbit(HEO)- Altitudes above 36,000 Km Polar orbit- Satellites in polar orbits

  Lecture 11 Lens, Mirror and Telescope Lens An optical tool that converges and diverges a light beam by refraction. Lenses are of mainly two types called concave and convex. Mirror Polished and smooth reflecting surface with two types- plain mirror and spherical mirror.  Spherical mirror have the spherical reflecting surface and are of two types- concave mirrors and convex mirrors. Telescope Device used to observe distant things by gathering electromagnetic radiation like visible light, UV wave, X ray etc. Types of telescopes(Based on location)  Ground based telescope- Telescope installed on earth surface.  Space based telescop- Atmosphere is opaque for most of the electromagnetic spectrum, only a few bands can be observed from the Earth's surface. So for telescope with operating frequency higher than visible light are installed in space only. For visible light and lower frequency telescope can be installed either at ground or space with space based telescope have advantage of n

  Lecture 10 Computer, Display and Batteries Computer Supercomputer- Computer with a high level of performance as compared to a general purpose computer. The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured in PETAFLOP (FLOPS- floating point operations per second) instead of million instructions per second(MIPS).  National Supercomputing Mission 2015 was launched with C-DAC Pune and IISc Banglore as implementing agency.  India’s first supercomputer was PARAM 8000 . PARAM Shivay, the first indigenously assembled supercomputer was installed in IIT BHU, followed by PARAM Shakti(IIT-Kharagpur), PARAM Brahma(IISER, Pune). Quantum Computer- Quantum computer take advantage of quantum mechanics to solve complex problems that classical computers or supercomputers can't solve. The basic unit of information in quantum computing is qubit/quantum bit which serves the same function as the bit in classical computing. Qubit can exist in more than one state at the same time. In quantum comput

  Lecture 9 Mobile and Related Technologies Mobile Phone A portable telephone able to make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a service area.  Evolution of Mobile- 0G- vehicle attached device(Finland, 1971)  1G Phone- Motorola developed handheld phone in 1973 1G network- network was setup in Japan in the year 1979(FDMA technology)  2G system- Finland 1991(TDMA, CDMA technology)  2.5G- General Packet Radio Service(GPRS system)  2.75G- Enhance Data rate for GSM Evolution(EDGE) 3 times faster than GPRS 3G system- Japan 2001(universal mobile telecom service)  3.5G- high speed downlink packet acess 3.75G- high speed uplink packet acess 4G- Long Term Evolution(LTE), Voice over LTE(VoLTE- voice call over internet), mobile app 5G- high data speed using high frequency for data transmission(100 times faster than 4G), IoT, VR/AR 6G- 100 times faster than 5G, Terahertz(THz) frequencies, XR, Blockchain   Electromagnetic Spectrum Short Range Comm

Lecture 8 Matter, Atom and Elementary Particles Matter Any substance having mass and volume.  Based on physical conditions, such as temperature and pressure there are 5 states of matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma- Presence of a significant portion of charged particles because of very high temperature Bose Einstein condensate- At absolute zero temperature atoms act as a single unit and the state is known as Bose Einstein condensate. This state of matter was predicted by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein.  Atom Smallest unit of matter consists of three subatomic particles(protons, neutrons, and electrons) with center known as the nucleus. The nucleus consists of the heavier atoms(protons and neutrons) while electrons orbit around the atomic nucleus in the outermost shells of an atom. John Dalton discovered the atomic theory(Atom) and It's nucleus was discovered by Ernest Rutherford.  In a neutral atom,  Number of electrons = Number of protons Atomic Number- The number of proton

  Lecture 7 Fuels and Engine Fuels Fuels are different materials used to produce large amount of energy. The energy produced by the combustion of one kg of fuel is known as its calorific value. Fuels are of three types.  Solid- wood, coal, peat, dung, coke, charcoal Liquid- petroleum, diesel, gasoline, kerosene, LPG, coal tar, naphtha, ethanol Gaseous- natural gas, hydrogen, propane, methane, coal gas, water gas, blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, CNG Fossil Fuel- Formed from the fossilized remains of ancient plants and animals under high pressure and temperature. Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Types of Reservoir Conventional Reservoir- Oil and gas stored in permeable rocks referred to as conventional reservoirs. Unconventional Reservoir- Oil and gas stored in tightly bound and less permeable rocks referred to as unconventional reservoirs. Gas fuels Natural Gas(CH 4 )- Generally found along with coal or petroleum reserve

  Lecture 5 Human Body Heart Vertebrate(animal with backbone) heart performs the function of pumping blood around body. The blood flow in heart is unidirectional because of heart valves.  Fish- 2 chember heart(1 atrium, 1 ventricle)  Amphibian and Reptile- 3 chember heart(2 atria, 1 ventricle)              Exception- Crocodiles and Alligators(4 chember heart)  Bird and Mammal- 4 chember heart(2 atria, 2 ventricle)  Atrium- Upper chember of heart that receive blood from body and send it to ventricle.  Ventricle- Lower chember of heart that pump blood throughout the body. Ventricles have thicker wall than Atrium.  Pulmonary Circulation- Blood flow to lungs for oxygen enrichment.  Systemic Circulation- Oxygen enriched blood flow to body parts.  Human Heart Blood flow in human heart- Deoxygenated Blood(enters via Vena Cava) → Right Atrium → Right ventricle → Lung(via Pulmonary Artery) → Left Atrium(via Pulmonary Veins) → Left Ventricle → Body(via Aorta)  Arteries(Blood pumped out of he