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  Lecture 2 Ecological Relationship Effect on two organisms because of living together. There are following possible ecological relationship exist Mutualism(+, +)- When two organisms interact in such a way that both get benefited by each other's niches.  Commensalism(+, 0)- When an organism benefits from other organism without affecting the other organism Antagonism(+, -)- When one organism takes advantage of another and negatively affect it. Predation and parasitism are example of antagonism.  Neutralism(0, 0)- No benefit and no harm because of interaction Amensalism(0, -)- One organism get negatively affected without any affect on another organism.  Competition(-, -)- When two organisms compete and both get negatively affected.  Gause's Competitive Exclusion Principle- Two species that compete for the same resources cannot coexist stably.  Resource Partition- Phenomenon where two or more species compete for the same resources including food and sp...

  Lecture 3 Ecosystem Ecosystem is a geographical area where biotic and abiotic factors work in an integrated manner and as an independent functional unit of nature. The ecosystem can be broadly classified in two group Terrestrial Ecosystem Aquatic Ecosystem   Standing crops- The amount of living biomass in an ecosystem expressed in biomass of organism per unit area Standing state- The amount of nutrients present in the soil at any given time. Components of Ecosystem Ecosystem(Abiotic)   Abiotic components determine and restrict the population growth and diversity of biotic factors in an ecosystem. It acts as a limiting factor. Ex- air, light, soil, nutrients, temperature and rainfall.  Soil(Related terms)  Pedology- soil science (formation, evolution and soil modelling)  Edaphology- effect of soil on living beings(Plants)  Eluviation- transportation of soil materials from upper level to lower level soil.  Illuviation- accumulation of t...

  Wetland Wetlands are distinct ecosystems saturated/flooded by water(permanently or temporary). Wetland systems are generally shallow water system.  In wetland ecosystem, the shallow water level and anaerobic(no oxygen) soil make it a distinct ecosystem from land ecosystem and aquatic ecosystem. Wetland ecosystems are distinct from land and aquatic ecosystems in terms of vegetation. It support the vegetation that tolerate shallow water and anaerobic soil conditions.  Wetland, biodiversity rich region act as a transition zone(ecotone) between land and aquatic ecosystems. It also act as carbon sink system, thus playing important role in combating climate change.  Types of Wetland There are various way to define wetland ecosystems like  Water type- freshwater, brackish water and saltwater wetland.  Water source- Tidal, estuaries, floodplain, rainfed wetland But we will learn types of wetland based on soil type and other characteristics.  Wetland(Minera...

  Lecture 1 Introduction Environment- Environment means surrounding(almost everything including living and non-living being). Everything that has influence on the organism during its lifetime.  Carlyle (English scholar) coined the term environment while he was translating the German word Umgebung. He coined environment from French word Environia (surround)  Ecology- Derived from the Greek word Oiko(Home) + Logy(Study) . in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel coined the term Ecology.  Study of interaction among different components of the Environment/Ecosystem. Organism → Organism Organism → Surrounding (Living → Non-living being)  Ecosystem- The term ecosystem was coined by Arthur Roy Clapha and first time used by his co worker Arthur Tansley (British ecologist).  functional unit of nature/environment. terrestrial ecosystems, aquatic ecosystems. Ecosystem is defined on a community level.  Ecosystem is the biotic community and the physical env...