बूँद a drop

  Lecture 5 Buddhism Buddha Life Events Born- 563 BC, Lumbini(Nepal- while is mother was in journey), Name- Siddhartha Died-(Mahaparinirvan) 483 BC, Kushinagar(Malla mahajanapada) Father- Shuddhodhan(Leader of Shakya Kul, King of Kapilvastu) Mother- Mahamaya(Princess from Koshalan dynasty), Foster mother(Dai maa)- Gautami Wife- Yashodhara Son -Rahul Left house at the age of 29 to become ascetic(Mahabhinishkramana/The great departure). Enlightenment(Nirvana) at the age of 35 at bodhgaya under a pipal tree(on the bank of niranjana river). First sermon at sarnath(Dharma chakra pravartan). Lumbini was built by Anjana(King of the koliya clan), for his queen Rupa Devi or Rummindei. In buddhist texts, Lumbini is mentioned as Pradimokhsha-vana(sin free forest).   Buddha Names Sidhartha- Childhood name/Original Name Gautam Buddha- After enlightenment Tathagata- Buddha used this word instead of I or myself(in pali texts) Shakyamuni- Ashokan inscriptions Light of Asia(book, 1879)- Sir ...

  Lecture 4 Jainism Society Vedic Age → Mahajanapad Over time division gets created in the society in the form of castes- Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudras. Brahmin and kshatriya were used to enjoy the tax paid by vaishya. And vaishya were not happy with this. Some intellectuals tried to create an egalitarian society and in doing this more than 60 sub religions got established in north india including jainism and buddhism.  And these new religions get full support from vaishya and shudra communities. 24 Tirthankars  Tirthankars → Symbol → Nirvana Place(Died At)   1. Rishabhnath/Adinath → Bull → Ashtapad(Kailasha) 2. Ajitnath → Elephant → Sammed Sikhar(Parasnath hill, Jharkhand) 19. Mallinath → Kalasa → Sammed Sikhar(Parasnath hill, Jharkhand) 19th tirthankar  Mallinath→male(Digambar sect), Malli→ female(Svetambara sect)  22. Neminath → Conch → Mount Girnar 23. Parshvanath → Snake → Sammed Sikhar(Parasnath hill, Jharkhand) 24. Mahavir → Lion ...

  Books Kathakali Dance Theatre: A Visual Narrative of Sacred Indian Mime(2023)- KK Gopalakrishnan Rebels Against the Raj: Western Fighters for India’s Freedom(2022)-  Ramachandra Guha Won Elizabeth Longford Prize for Historical Biography 2023.  The book tells the story of seven foreigners who joined India’s freedom struggle against British rule.  7 personalities(4 British, 2 American and 1 Iris)- Annie Besant, BG Horniman, Philip Spratt, Richard Ralph Keithahn, Samuel (later Satyanand) Stokes, Madeline Slade (later Mira Behn), and Catherine Mary Heilemann (later Sarala Behn)

  ज्योतिर्लिंग  ज्योतिर्लिंग= ज्योति + लिंग (अर्थात ज्योति या प्रकाश का प्रतीक)   कैसे हुयी इन ज्योति के प्रतीको की उत्पत्ति?  एक बार भगवान ब्रह्म और भगवान विष्णु में इस बात को लेकर विवाद हुआ कि उन दोनों में श्रेष्ठ कौन है, तब दोनों भगवान के भ्रम को समाप्त करने के लिए भगवान शिव एक महान ज्योति स्तंभ के रूप में प्रकट हुए, ब्रम्हा जी और विष्णु जी दोनो ही उस स्तंभ के आरंभ और अंत नहीं जान सके। इसी को ज्योतिर्लिंग कहते है। उस वक़्त धरती पर कई ज्योतिर्लिंग प्रकट हुए थे। उनमें से प्रमुख 12 ज्योतिर्लिंग है। इन 12 स्थानों पर भगवान शिव स्वयं प्रकट हुए थे। बाद में शिव भक्तों ने इन स्थानों पर शिवलिंग स्थापित कर, भगवान शिव का भव्य मन्दिर निर्मित कराया। इन सभी ज्योतिर्लिंगों में सिर्फ महाकालेश्वर ज्योतिर्लिंग ही दक्षिणीमुखी है, बाकि सारे ज्योतिर्लिंग का मुख पूर्व दिशा की ओर है।    1. सोमनाथ- दक्ष के श्राप से ग्रसित चंद्रदेव ने इस स्थान पर भगवान शिव को प्रसन्न किया था। बाद में इस जगह पर चंद्रदेव ने मन्दिर का निर्माण करवाया था, जिस वजह से इसे चंद्र के नाथ अर्थात सोमनाथ के न...

  Lecture 3 Vedic Age Vedic Age Introduction   Early phase(1500-1000 BC) Later phase(1000-500 BC) Origin of Aryans William Jones- Europe(similarities in sanskrit, greek, latin, german) Max Muller- Central Asia(Similarities between Rig veda and Zend Avesta) Dr. Sampurnanand- Native to india(sapta sindhu as original home) Bal Gangadhar Tilak(the arctic home in the vedas)- Arctic region(Astronomical calculation) Dayanand saraswati(satyarth prakash)- Tibet (Plant species, Nazi took it seriousuly) Vedic Age Horse and Chariot   5000-4000 BC domestication of horse in the region between black sea and south of ural mountains. 4000 BC- horse domestication + wheel chariot in Anatolia 2300 BC- Spoked wheels in Hissar(Iran) 1900 BC - use of spoked wheels chariot in Hittites kingdom Vedic Age Linguistic Connection   Agada inscription(2200 BC, Iraq)- earliest evidence of indo european language Hittites inscription(1900 BC, Anatolia/Turkey)- eastern branch of indo european spea...

  Lecture 2 Harappa Civilization Ancient Civilizations  1. Mesopotamia 3500-500 BC (Iraq and Iran region, Euphrates and Tigris river) 2. Harappa/Indus valley civilization 3300-1400 BC (Indus river) 3. Egypt/Nile civilization 3100-100 BC (Nile river) 4. Maya Civilization 2600 BC-900 AD (Central America region) Harappan civilization was more developed than the contemporary civilizations.  The use of burnt bricks and cotton make them distinguish from other civilizations. Harappan had trade relationship with mesopotamia(Harappan seals from mesopotamia) with Magan and Dilmun as intermediate post. In mesopotamia texts, harappan were referred as Meluha. Harappa civilization Discovery In 1853 when rail link work was in progress, Alexander cunningham(1st head of ASI) got few seals. He published the seals without knowing that it was part of ancient indus valley civilization. John Marshall ignored the stratigraphy of the site, and excavated along regular horizontal lines. This mixe...