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  Lecture 12 Space Exploration(Part-1)  Space and Earth Orbits Karman line- Boundary separating Earth's atmosphere and outer space. It lies above 100 Km of mean sea level.  Orbit- Curved trajectory of an object around a star or planet.  Earth orbits Low Earth orbit (LEO)- Altitudes up to 2,000 km Medium Earth orbit(MEO)- Altitude from 2,000 km to below geosynchronous orbit  Geosynchronous orbit(GSO)- Orbit with an orbital period of Earth's rotation i.e. 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds(one sidereal day).  Geostationary orbit(GEO)- A circular geosynchronous orbit in the plane of the Earth's equator with an altitude of approximately 36000 km. The object placed in geostationary orbit maintains the same position relative to the Earth's surface. Geostationary Transfer orbit(GTO)- Transfer orbits are a special kind of transit orbit used to send object from one orbit to another.  High Earth orbit(HEO)- Altitudes above 36,000 Km Polar orbit- Satellites in polar orbits

  Lecture 11 Lens, Mirror and Telescope Lens An optical tool that converges and diverges a light beam by refraction. Lenses are of mainly two types called concave and convex. Mirror Polished and smooth reflecting surface with two types- plain mirror and spherical mirror.  Spherical mirror have the spherical reflecting surface and are of two types- concave mirrors and convex mirrors. Telescope Device used to observe distant things by gathering electromagnetic radiation like visible light, UV wave, X ray etc. Types of telescopes(Based on location)  Ground based telescope- Telescope installed on earth surface.  Space based telescop- Atmosphere is opaque for most of the electromagnetic spectrum, only a few bands can be observed from the Earth's surface. So for telescope with operating frequency higher than visible light are installed in space only. For visible light and lower frequency telescope can be installed either at ground or space with space based telescope have advantage of n

  Lecture 10 Computer, Display and Batteries Computer Supercomputer- Computer with a high level of performance as compared to a general purpose computer. The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured in PETAFLOP (FLOPS- floating point operations per second) instead of million instructions per second(MIPS).  National Supercomputing Mission 2015 was launched with C-DAC Pune and IISc Banglore as implementing agency.  India’s first supercomputer was PARAM 8000 . PARAM Shivay, the first indigenously assembled supercomputer was installed in IIT BHU, followed by PARAM Shakti(IIT-Kharagpur), PARAM Brahma(IISER, Pune). Quantum Computer- Quantum computer take advantage of quantum mechanics to solve complex problems that classical computers or supercomputers can't solve. The basic unit of information in quantum computing is qubit/quantum bit which serves the same function as the bit in classical computing. Qubit can exist in more than one state at the same time. In quantum comput

  Lecture 9 Mobile and Related Technologies Mobile Phone A portable telephone able to make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a service area.  Evolution of Mobile- 0G- vehicle attached device(Finland, 1971)  1G Phone- Motorola developed handheld phone in 1973 1G network- network was setup in Japan in the year 1979(FDMA technology)  2G system- Finland 1991(TDMA, CDMA technology)  2.5G- General Packet Radio Service(GPRS system)  2.75G- Enhance Data rate for GSM Evolution(EDGE) 3 times faster than GPRS 3G system- Japan 2001(universal mobile telecom service)  3.5G- high speed downlink packet acess 3.75G- high speed uplink packet acess 4G- Long Term Evolution(LTE), Voice over LTE(VoLTE- voice call over internet), mobile app 5G- high data speed using high frequency for data transmission(100 times faster than 4G), IoT, VR/AR 6G- 100 times faster than 5G, Terahertz(THz) frequencies, XR, Blockchain   Electromagnetic Spectrum Short Range Comm

Lecture 8 Matter, Atom and Elementary Particles Matter Any substance having mass and volume.  Based on physical conditions, such as temperature and pressure there are 5 states of matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma- Presence of a significant portion of charged particles because of very high temperature Bose Einstein condensate- At absolute zero temperature atoms act as a single unit and the state is known as Bose Einstein condensate. This state of matter was predicted by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein.  Atom Smallest unit of matter consists of three subatomic particles(protons, neutrons, and electrons) with center known as the nucleus. The nucleus consists of the heavier atoms(protons and neutrons) while electrons orbit around the atomic nucleus in the outermost shells of an atom. John Dalton discovered the atomic theory(Atom) and It's nucleus was discovered by Ernest Rutherford.  In a neutral atom,  Number of electrons = Number of protons Atomic Number- The number of proton

  Lecture 7 Fuels and Engine Fuels Fuels are different materials used to produce large amount of energy. The energy produced by the combustion of one kg of fuel is known as its calorific value. Fuels are of three types.  Solid- wood, coal, peat, dung, coke, charcoal Liquid- petroleum, diesel, gasoline, kerosene, LPG, coal tar, naphtha, ethanol Gaseous- natural gas, hydrogen, propane, methane, coal gas, water gas, blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, CNG Fossil Fuel- Formed from the fossilized remains of ancient plants and animals under high pressure and temperature. Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Types of Reservoir Conventional Reservoir- Oil and gas stored in permeable rocks referred to as conventional reservoirs. Unconventional Reservoir- Oil and gas stored in tightly bound and less permeable rocks referred to as unconventional reservoirs. Gas fuels Natural Gas(CH 4 )- Generally found along with coal or petroleum reserve

  Lecture 5 Human Body Heart Vertebrate(animal with backbone) heart performs the function of pumping blood around body. The blood flow in heart is unidirectional because of heart valves.  Fish- 2 chember heart(1 atrium, 1 ventricle)  Amphibian and Reptile- 3 chember heart(2 atria, 1 ventricle)              Exception- Crocodiles and Alligators(4 chember heart)  Bird and Mammal- 4 chember heart(2 atria, 2 ventricle)  Atrium- Upper chember of heart that receive blood from body and send it to ventricle.  Ventricle- Lower chember of heart that pump blood throughout the body. Ventricles have thicker wall than Atrium.  Pulmonary Circulation- Blood flow to lungs for oxygen enrichment.  Systemic Circulation- Oxygen enriched blood flow to body parts.  Human Heart Blood flow in human heart- Deoxygenated Blood(enters via Vena Cava) → Right Atrium → Right ventricle → Lung(via Pulmonary Artery) → Left Atrium(via Pulmonary Veins) → Left Ventricle → Body(via Aorta)  Arteries(Blood pumped out of he

  Lecture 3 Cell Division/Reproduction and blood types Cell Division Process of dividing a parent cell into two daughter cells. It is part of cell cycle in which the cell grows and replicates its chromosomes before division. Cell division in prokaryotes happens through binary fission(Asexual reproduction).  Two types of cell division in eukaryotes- Hayflick Limit-  Somatic(non reproductive) cells can only divide upto a limit before they stop dividing(in human approximately 40-60 times)  Reproduction   Biological process by which new offspring are produced from their parents. Two forms of reproduction- asexual and sexual Sexual reproduction is a biological process of creating a new organism by combining the genetic material of two organisms using meiosis cell division.  Gametes- organism's reproductive cells, also referred to as sex cells. Male gametes cell- sperm cell Female gametes cell- Egg cell or Ovum     (Male + Female) Gametes cells → Zygote Monozygotic Twin- Identical twins

  Lecture 2 Genes(DNA, RNA)  DNA/RNA  Nucleic Acid- Nucleic acid carry information in cells and make up genetic material. Nucleotide is the basic building block of Nucleic acid.  Nucleotide = Nitrogenous Base + Sugar + Phasphoric Acid  If present sugar is Deoxyribose Sugar, then it will be DNA Ribose Sugar, then it will be RNA Extracellular DNA(eDNA)- also known as cell free DNA has major application in the field of healthcare.  Recombinant DNA(rDNA)- created by combining two or more DNA fragments from different sources. Sometimes also called chimeric DNA. American Biochemist, Paul Berg created first recombinant DNA that led to the evolution of genetic engineering.  Gene- A short stretch of DNA with specific code Father of Genetics- Gregor Mendel(Pea experiment)  Genome- All the genetic information of an organism.  Nuclear genome + Mitochondrial genome + Chloroplast genome Human genome project(HGP)- An international scientific research project successfully completed in

  Lecture 1 Basics of Cell(Life form)  Cells  The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life forms. It was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. Cells are of two types Endosymbiosis- One organism live inside another organism. The endosymbiosis helped in evolution of Eukaryote. As Archean engulfing bacterium resulted in evolution of eukaryote cell.  Non-Cells Agent Able to carry biological information in form of DNA and RNA(mainly viruses).  Viruses- Protein coated DNA or RNA agents present in host cell. Discovered by Dmitri Ivanovsky in 19th century. Viruses are of four types DNA viruses- Single Stranded, Double Stranded RNA viruses- Single Stranded, Double Stranded RNA virus has higher mutation rate because of high replication rate and lack of proofreading mechanism.   Virions- independent viral particles outside cell.  Pirions- Protein(Non nucleus agent) that cause protein infection.  Bacteriophage- A virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea. Vir