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Mobile and Related Technologies

 Lecture 9 Mobile and Related Technologies


Mobile Phone

A portable telephone able to make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a service area. 


Evolution of Mobile-

  • 0G- vehicle attached device(Finland, 1971) 
  • 1G Phone- Motorola developed handheld phone in 1973
  • 1G network- network was setup in Japan in the year 1979(FDMA technology) 
  • 2G system- Finland 1991(TDMA, CDMA technology) 
  • 2.5G- General Packet Radio Service(GPRS system) 
  • 2.75G- Enhance Data rate for GSM Evolution(EDGE) 3 times faster than GPRS
  • 3G system- Japan 2001(universal mobile telecom service) 
  • 3.5G- high speed downlink packet acess
  • 3.75G- high speed uplink packet acess
  • 4G- Long Term Evolution(LTE), Voice over LTE(VoLTE- voice call over internet), mobile app
  • 5G- high data speed using high frequency for data transmission(100 times faster than 4G), IoT, VR/AR
  • 6G- 100 times faster than 5G, Terahertz(THz) frequencies, XR, Blockchain

 

Electromagnetic Spectrum




Short Range Communication



VR, AR and XR technologies

With the emerging technologies, the virtuality and reality are getting interconnected as Virtual Reality(VR), Augumented Reality(AR), Mixed Reality(MR) and Extended Reality(XR) with the help of Digital Twin technology. 

Digital Twin- Digital model of an intended or real world physical product or process that serves as the digital counterpart of it for practical purposes. 


VR technologies

  1. Virtual Reality(VR)- Simulated virtual environment that tricks our mind to think it as real. 
  2. Augumented Reality(AR)- It augument reality by adding computer generated graphics, images, or a set of interactive data to real world. 
  3. Mixed Reality(MR)- Hybrid of VR and AR with aim to offer the best of both worlds. It augment reality a step further and allows users to manipulate and interact with virtual objects and information. 
  4. Extended Reality(XR)- Computer generated experience that unites aspects of both the real and virtual worlds by encompassing augmented reality, virtual reality and mixed reality with other immersive technology. 


Internet of Things(IoT)- Devices with sensors that can communicate over internet and facilitate large scale data computation over internet. 

Blockchain- A distributed ledger with growing lists of records(as a block) that are securely linked together via cryptographic hashes. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block that contains information about the previous block thus they effectively form a chain. 



Cryptocurrency- Digital currency designed to work as a medium of exchange through a computer network without control of central authority(government or bank). Some famous cryptocurrency are Bitcoin, Ethereum and Dogecoin. The concept of cryptocurrency was given by Satoshi Nakamoto.

Stablecoins- Cryptocurrencies designed to maintain a stable level of purchasing powerpower(less fluctuation in price). 

In 2021, El Salvador announced that it will adopt Bitcoin as legal tender, becoming the first country to do so despite the potential concern of money laundering. 




Table of Contents                                                  Lecture 10

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