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  Important Historical location of India Learning Centres 1. Taxila-  The ancient learning center(Present day in Pakistan) near the bank of Indus river known for teaching high class religious(Brahmanical and Buddhist) and secular study.  Important scholars Panini, Chaanakya and Vasubandhu(Teachers)  Jivaka, Charaka, Chandragupta Maurya(Students)  The center was destroyed by Toramana(Hunas ruler) in 5th century AD.  2. Nalanda-  Renowned centre of learning established by Gupta ruler Kumargupt in 5th century AD at Nalanda district of Bihar region. It was great learning center of Buddhism, Veda and science with residential facility operated till 13th century.  In 13th century the center was destroyed by Bhaktiyar Khilji.  3. Valabhi-  Valabhi was the capital of the Maitraka empire during 5th-8th century AD.  It emerged as an important learning center of Buddhism from 600-1200 AD specialised in Hinayan Buddhism teaching and for some tim...

  Trending on Internet Mpemba effect Hot water can freeze faster than cold water in similar conditions. Dark Patterns Deceptive design patterns deployed in user interface that restrict consumer autonomy and violate consumer rights. Types of Drak Pattern- False urgency, Basket sneaking(adding extra items without user consent during checkout), Confirm shaming(using shame to nudge user actions), Forced action(compelling action), and Subscription traps(making cancellation difficult) Deep Web Parts of the World Wide Web whose contents are not indexed by standard web search engine programs. This is in contrast to the surface web, which is accessible to anyone using the Internet.  Non indexing techniques- Dynamic, non-HTML, scripted and unlinked content Private web, contextual web and software restricted.  Dark Web The dark web is a subset of the deep web that is intentionally hidden and required a specific software, configurations and authorization to access it.  It facili...

  Ethical Terms Conflict of Interest- Arises when official duty, public interest and personal intrest  get into conflict.  It hampers the integrity and impartiality of an individual.  Emotional Intelligence-  Ability to  recognize, understand and manage  our own emotions as well as other's emotions.  Five elements of EI(Daniel Goleman)  Self awareness Self regulation Motivation Empathy Social skills Belief-  A belief is an idea that a person holds as being true. A person can base a belief upon principles and matters of faith. Sources of belief- Person’s own experiences or experiments Cultural and societal norms Guidance by others Evaluation and  sound reasoning is a way to challenge beliefs. Value-  Stable long-lasting beliefs about what is important to a person. Values define standard of life and one's choices. With strong commitment towards a belief, that belief get transformed into a value.  Belief vs Faith- Believe i...

  Foreign Policy of America Monroe Doctrine(1823)- Latin American as an American Sphere of influence and rejected European colonisation of the region.  No interfere of the old world in new world.  Roosevelt Corollary(1904)-  Addition to Monroe Doctrine. USA could intervene in internal affairs of Latin  American Countries. Also known as good neighbouring policy.  Marshall Plan(1948-1951)-  Also Known as European recovery program introduced to improve the economy in Europe region and contain the influence of communism.   Cold War Doctrines Truman Doctrine(1947)- Support against communism that helped in formation of NATO in 1949.  Korean War 1950-53, Vietnam war 1955-1975 Eisenhower Doctrine(1957)-  After Suez Crisis of 1956 it was introduced to contain the influence of USSR in Middle East region.  Support to Middle East on their request Kennedy Doctrine(1961)-  Reversal of communism progress in Western Hemisphere Cuba Missile C...

  National Security National security is protection of citizens and nation with its tangible and intangible assets with the help of security agencies and guardian mechanism.  Elements of National Security Military Elements Border Coastal Internal security Non Military Elements Ethnic Environment Energy Economic Cyber Health Information Resources Political Geostrategic Food Internal Security of India Internal security implies maintenance of peace, law and order, upholding sovereignty and integrity of India.  Arthshastra(Kautilya) mentioned 4 kinds of threat to a nation Internal External Internally aided external Externally aided internal Components of internal security Citizens protection Social harmony Domestic peace Law & order Sovereignty and integrity of India Reasons for internal security issues Historical factors Poverty Unemployment Ethnic tension Unfriendly neighbors Partisan politics Increasing communal divide Caste awareness and inter-caste tension Politics b...

  Model Code of Conduct(MCC)  MCC are guidelines released by Election Commission of India(ECI) to regulate the conduct of political parties and candidates during the time of election to ensure the fairness of election.  MCC has no statutory backing and this resulted in vague implementation of MCC.  Why need statutory backing?  Cases of violations ECI lacks power to handle these violations MCC statutory status(Benefits)  Will bring clarity Punishment power to ECI Judicial punishment Protect rule of law Accountability of political party and candidates Drawbacks MP will make legislation for themselves(violation of separation of power)  Create burden on judiciary(pending cases is already large)  Dynamic nature of election demands flexibility in MCC Establishing ECI as quasi judicial body can reduce the litigations and statutory nature of MCC will empower ECI to conduct fair election. 

  Judicial Activism, Judicial Overreach and Judicial Restraint Judicial Activism Judicial activism signifies the proactive role of the Judiciary by broadly interpreting the law for protection of citizen's rights.