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Human Development Index



History

After the formation of United Nations(UN) and globalisation of world, the relative development of different countries came into picture. And the measurement of development started with Gross National Product(GNP) /Gross National Income(GNI). 


Measuring the development


1970s

Physical Quality of Life Index(PQLI)- In 1970s, Morris D Morris developed a better method to measure the development of a country which was previously measured using GNP only(economic parameter only). 

The PQLI is measured by taking average of three parameters- Literacy, Life Expectancy and Infant mortality(Education and average age parameters only). 

Equal weighted to all three parameters. 


1990

Human Development Report(HDR)- in the year 1990, first Human Development report was released by UNDP with Human Development Index(HDI) as part of it. 

HDI- Mahbub ul Haq(Pakistani economist) + Amartya Sen(Indian Nobel laureate)

People are the real wealth of a nation → Mahbub ul Haq

Over the years, different indexes were added to HDR to cater different aspects of development. 

Human Development Index(1990)

Gender-related Development Index(1995)

Gender Empowerment Measure(1995)

Human Poverty Index(1997) 



2010

In the year 2010, revision was done in HDR

Human Development Index → revision of HDI calculation(2010~) 

Gender-related Development Index → GDI or Gender Development Index(2010~) 

Gender Empowerment Measure → GII or Gender Inequality Index(2010~) 

Human Poverty Index → MPI or Multidimensional Poverty Index(2010~) 

IHDI or Inequality adjusted Human Development Index(2010~)- As the development is not uniform across the society. 


PHDI or Planetary-pressures adjusted Human Development Index(2020~)- Measurement of HDI after adjusting the pressure exerted on Planet(taking consideration of environment)

GSNI or Gender Social Norms Index(2019~)- in-depth account of the root causes of gender inequality based on 4 dimension

political, educational, economic and physical integrity



Human Development Index(HDI)- was launched by Mahbub ul Haq(Pakistani economist) + Amartya Sen(Indian Nobel laureate) in 1990. The calculation of HDI was revised in 2010. 

At present, the HDI is calculated by taking geometric mean of three dimension- Education, Age and income(economy)



Countries grouping based on HDI score

Low HDI(< 0.50) 

Medium HDI(0.50 - 0.79) 

High HDI(0.8 - 0.89) 

Very High HDI(>0.90) 


Note

Bhutan has developed it's own measure to monitor the development of people- GNH or Gross National Happiness(Based on Buddhist Principles)



Other Indexes of HDR

Gender Inequality Index




Multidimensional Poverty Index




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