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  Subjects and Their Significance 1. Geography(Greek origin)→   Geo(Earth) + Graphien(to describe) The term geographia was used for 1st time by Greek scholar Eratosthenes (Father of Geography) around 200 BC.  Geography is the science of describing earth features(mainly surface features- Landforms, lake) and it's corresponding consequences like Human geography.  2. Geology(Greek origin)→    Geo(Earth) + logia(to study) Father of Geology- Scottish scholar James Hutton of 18th century Geology is the science of studying earth surface as well as its interior with the process involved in its evolution- Formation of rocks,  core, mantle and crust division 3. Pedology(Greek origin)→    Pedon(Soil) + logia(to study) Father of Pedology- Russian scholar V.V. Dokuchaev of 19th century 4. Ecology(Greek origin)→    Oikos(House) + logia(to study) Father of Ecology- Prussian botanist  Alexander von Humbolt  of 19th century It is stud...

  Political Consolidation in Europe Unification Political and Social movement of unifying people from numerous states to form one state based on common geography, language, ethnicity, religion, culture and other historical factors.  In Europe, the unification of Italy and Germany both started with the attack of Napoleon. Unification of Italy The unification of Italy took place in three phase 1. 1858 to 1860, 1866- Unification of Northern Italy(Italy vs Austria)  2. 1860- Unification of Southern Italy with Northern Italy(Italy vs Kingdom of Sicily, Protectorate of France)  3. 1871- Unification of Middle Italy(Italy vs Papal state)  The three person whose efforts led to the unification of Italy Heart- Mazzini Brain- Count Cavour Sword- Garibaldi The bedrock of Italian Unification was led by Napoleon when he conquered many smaller kingdom of Italy in 1796 and formed large Administrative territories. These large Administrative territories unified many smaller ...

  Age of Exploration (Sea Route Discovery)  John Cabot 1497-  John Cabot(Italian traveller) was the first European known to have landed in present day Canada. Although he was Italian, but his voyage was financed by Britain(King Henry VII) and the discovery benefited England.  Hunt for Spices(Sea Route to India)   Christopher Columbus August 1492-  Christopher Columbus led a fleet of 3 ships from Castile, Spain to find sea route for India 12 October 1492-  Christopher Columbus landed in Bahamas(caribbean island). Later established a colony at Haiti and returned to spain in 1493 Vasco da Gama 8 July 1497- Vasco da Gama led a fleet of 4 ships + 170 Crews from Lisbon, Portugal(1st Voyage of Vasco de Gama)  20 May 1498- Vasco da Gama landed in Calicut via Cape of  Good Hope, Mombasa and Malindi(Now Part of Kenya) and later visited Goa.  1502-  2nd Voyage of Vasco de Gama, fight with Zamorin ruler(Dominance over sea route)  Age of C...

  Partition of India 1947 Feb-  British PM Clemente Attlee clarified his stance that Princely states in India would have power to decide their faith during transfer of power from British Government to new government of India.  3 June Plan(Mountbatten Plan)-  Introduced by Mountbatten with provision of partition of British India into two dominion States and princely states were free to join India or Pakistan(or can remain independent).  Provision for referendum in NWFP(North West Frontier Province) and  Sylhet district (Assam).  Provision for boundary commission to demarcate the boundary of two nations The plan was accepted by Indian National Congress and Muslim League. But the plan was rejected by Khudai Khidmatgar(Abdul Ghaffar Khan- Frontier Gandhi)  6 July- referendum started in NWFP and Sylhet. The result was in favor of joining Pakistan. And both NWFP and Sylhet(Bangladesh) became part of then Pakistan except Karimganj(Part of Sylhet) which...

  Human Right After World War II, concerns regarding Human rights was high.  June 1946- Commission on Human Rights(CHR) was established by UN-ECOSOC.  Feb 1947- Universal Declaration of Human Rights Drafting Committee(chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt)  10 Dec 1948- Universal Declaration of Human Rights(UDHR) was adopted by UNGA(during third session) at Paris, France UDHR sets out a common standard of human rights for people worldwide 1966- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights(ICCPR) + International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights(ICESCR) Was adopted by UNGA.  UDHR + ICCPR + ICESCR = International Law on Human Rights India has ratified both treaties ICCPR + ICESCR and is a member of UDHR 25 June 1993- World Conference on Human Rights(Vienna, Austria)  Vienna declaration and Program of Action 20 Dec 1993-   United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, also known as the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Righ...

  Plato Wonder is the feeling of the philosopher, and philosophy begins in wonder.  Aristotle Follow what is right, not what is established. Educating the mind without educating the heart is no education at all. No great mind ever existed without a touch of madness. Patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet. Poverty is the parent of revolution and crime. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom. Karl Marx Reason has always existed, but not always in a reasonable form.  Einstein Science without religion is lame, and Religion without Science is blind. Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new. Blind belief in authority is the greatest enemy of truth. Mohandas K. Gandhi Poverty is the Worst Form of Violence.   An eye for an eye will only make the whole world blind. Be the change that you wish to see in the world. Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not every man’s gre...

  1. Jal Jeevan Mission(2019-2024)  Central Sponsored Scheme Launched by Ministry of Jal Shakti in 2019 with an aim to supply of 55 litres of water per person per day to every rural household through Functional Household Tap Connections (FHTC) by 2024. Plan will be implemented by Paani Samitis(at village level, Gram Panchayat). There will be 10-15 members in each samiti with atleast 50% women members.  Performance(rural household)- 16.6%(2019) - 62%(2023)  100% achievers 5 States- Gujarat, Telangana, Goa, Haryana, and Punjab 3 UT- Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Daman Diu & Dadra Nagar Haveli and Puducherry Burhanpur district (MP) was the first ‘Har Ghar Jal’ certified district in the country; Goa was the 1st State to achieve 100% coverage Jal Jeevan Mission (Urban) was launched by Ministry of Housing of Urban Affairs in 2021-22 to supply water in town area.  2. Quick-fix Water Solutions/Management  Immediate and often temporary measures implemented to ...

  Lecture 6 Mahajanapads Rise of Mahajanapadas  From 600 BC onwards, people started living a more settled life. Their attitude changed. They become loyal to Janapada(territory) instead of jana(tribe). And this resulted in the rise of mahajanapada.  The mahajanapada period was dominated by northern balck polished ware- NBPW Pottery. Reason for more settled life: Agriculture surplus because of use of iron in agriculture and better agriculture techniques like Shali(Rice transplantation term in pali, prakrit and sanskrit). Agriculture work was mainly done by slaves and Kammakara(pali term for landless labour). And the land was measured in Karisa, Nivartan and Kulyavapa units. Enough agricultural produce paves the way for other merchant activities. This resulted in merchant guild/Shreni(sanskrit term for guild) and Ayatana. High economic activity led to a good taxation system and this resulted in the rise of Mahajanapadas.   Rise of Mahajanapadas  Shreni/Guild Shreni...